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Personality and Social Psychology Review, Vol. 4, No. 2, 108-131 (2000)
DOI: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_01

Dual-Process Models in Social and Cognitive Psychology: Conceptual Integration and Links to Underlying Memory Systems

Eliot R. Smith

Jamie DeCoster

Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University

Models postulating 2 distinct processing modes have been proposed in several topic areas within social and cognitive psychology. We advance a new conceptual model of the 2 processing modes. The structural basis of the new model is the idea, supported by psychological and neuropsychological evidence, that humans possess 2 memory systems. One system slowly learns general regularities, whereas the other can quickly form representations of unique or novel events. Associative retrieval or pattern completion in the slow-learning system elicited by a salient cue constitutes the effortless processing mode. The second processing mode is more conscious and effortful; it involves the intentional retrieval of explicit, symbolically represented rulesfrom either memory system and their use to guide processing. After presenting our model, we review existing dual-process models in several areas, emphasizing their similar assumptions of a quick, effortless processing mode that rests on well-learned prior associations and a second, more effortful processing mode that involves rule-based inferences and is employed only when people have both cognitive capacity and motivation. New insights and implications of the model for several topic areas are outlined.

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C. S. Carver and M. F. Scheier
Control Processes and Self-Organization as Complementary Principles Underlying Behavior
Personality and Social Psychology Review, November 1, 2002; 6(4): 304 - 315.
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