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Personality and Social Psychology Review, Vol. 11, No. 4, 328-363 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/1088868307302221

Reviews

A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender Variations in Adults' Language Use: Talkativeness, Affiliative Speech, and Assertive Speech

Campbell Leaper

University of California Santa Cruz, cam{at}ucsc.edu

Melanie M. Ayres

University of California Santa Cruz

Three separate sets of meta-analyses were conducted of studies testing for gender differences in adults' talkativeness, affiliative speech, and assertive speech. Across independent samples, statistically significant but negligible average effects sizes were obtained with all three language constructs: Contrary to the prediction, men were more talkative (d = —.14) than were women. As expected, men used more assertive speech (d = .09), whereas women used more affiliative speech (d = .12). In addition, 17 moderator variables were tested that included aspects of the interactive context (e.g., familiarity, gender composition, activity), measurement qualities (e.g., operational definition, observation length), and publication characteristics (e.g., author gender, publication source). Depending on particular moderators, more meaningful effect sizes (d > .2) occurred for each language construct. In addition, the direction of some gender differences was significantly reversed under particular conditions. The results are interpreted in relation to social-constructionist, socialization, and biological interpretations of gender-related variations in social behavior.

Key Words: communication • constructivism • conversation • feminism • human sex differences • interpersonal interaction • language • meta-analysis • sex roles • socialization

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C. Cheng and Woo Young Chun
Cultural Differences and Similarities in Request Rejection: A Situational Approach
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, November 1, 2008; 39(6): 745 - 764.
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