Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Click here to submit your manuscript to SPPS

SAGETRACK

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
Personality and Social Psychology Review
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Barrett, L. F.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Barrett, L. F.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

Solving the Emotion Paradox: Categorization and the Experience of Emotion

Lisa Feldman Barrett

Department of Psychology, Boston College

In this article, I introduce an emotion paradox: People believe that they know an emotion when they see it, and as a consequence assume that emotions are discrete events that can be recognized with some degree of accuracy, but scientists have yet to produce a set of clear and consistent criteria for indicating when an emotion is present and when it is not. I propose one solution to this paradox: People experience an emotion when they conceptualize an instance of affective feeling. In this view, the experience of emotion is an act of categorization, guided by embodied knowledge about emotion. The result is a model of emotion experience that has much in common with the social psychological literature on person perception and with literature on embodied conceptual knowledge as it has recently been applied to social psychology.

References

  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Amaral, D. G., Behniea, H., & Kelly, J. L. (2003). Topographic organization of projections from the amygdala to the visual cortex in the Macaque monkey. Neuroscience, 118, 1099-1120.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Amaral, D. G., & Price, J. L. (1984). Amygdalo-cortical projections in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Journal of Comparative Neurolology, 230, 465-496.
  • Arnold, M. (1960). Emotion and personality. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Averill, J. R. (1980). A constructivist view of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Theories of emotion (pp. 339-368). New York: Plenum.
  • Bachorowski, J.-A. (1999). Vocal expression and perception of emotion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 53-57.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Bachorowski, J.-A., & Owren, M. J. (2002). Vocal acoustics in emotional intelligence. In L. Feldman Barrett & P. Salovey (Eds.), The wisdom in feeling: Psychological processes in emotional intelligence (pp. 11-36). New York: Guilford.
  • Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Bargh, J. A., & Ferguson, M. J. (2000). Beyond behaviorism: On the automaticity of higher mental processes. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 925-945.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Barrett, L. F. (1998). Discrete emotions or dimensions? The role of valence focus and arousal focus. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 579-599.[CrossRef]
  • Barrett, L. F. (2004). Feelings or words? Understanding the content in self-report ratings of experienced emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 266-281.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Barrett, L. F. (in press-a). Emotions as natural kinds? Perpectives on Psychological Science.
  • Barrett, L. F. (in press-b). Valence as a basic building block of emotional life. Journal of Research in Personality.
  • Barrett, L. F. (n. d.). [Contextual variations in affective focus]. Unpublished raw data.
  • Barrett, L. F., Gross, J., Conner, T., & Benvenuto, M. (2001). Emotion differentiation and regulation. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 713-724.[CrossRef]
  • Barrett, L. F., & Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion representation and regulation: A process model of emotional intelligence. In T. Mayne & G. Bonnano (Eds.), Emotion: Current issues and future directions (pp. 286-310). New York: Guilford.
  • Barrett, L. F., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2004). Valence focus and the perception of facial affect. Emotion, 4, 266-274.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Barrett, L. F., Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (in press). Automaticity and emotion. In J. Bargh (Ed.), Automatic processes in social thinking and behavior New York: Psychology Press.
  • Barrett, L. F., Quigley, K., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Aronson, K. R. (2004). Arousal focus and interoceptive sensitivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 684-697.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Barrett, L. F., & Russell, J. A. (1998). Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 967-984.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Barrett, L. F., & Russell, J. A. (1999). Structure of current affect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 10-14.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Barrett, L. F., Tugade, M. M., & Engle, R. W. (2004). Individual differences in working memory capacity and dual-process theories of the mind. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 553-573.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Barsalou, L. W. (1999). Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 577-660.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Barsalou, L. W. (2003). Situated simulation in the human conceptual system. Language and Cognitive Processes, 18, 513-562.[CrossRef]
  • Barsalou, L. W. (2005). Abstraction as dynamic interpretation in perceptual symbol systems. In L. Gershkoff-Stowe & D. Rakison (Eds.), Building object categories. Carnegie Symposium Series (pp. 389-431). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Barsalou, L. W., Niedenthal, P. M., Barbey, A., & Ruppert, J. (2003). Social embodiment. In B. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 43, pp. 43-92). San Diego, CA: Academic.
  • Barsalou, L. W., & Ross, B. H. (1986). The roles of automatic and strategic processing in sensitivity to superordinate and property frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 116-134.[CrossRef]
  • Barsalou, L. W., Simmons, W. K., Barbey, A. K., & Wilson, C. D. (2003). Grounding conceptual knowledge in modality-specific systems. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 84-91.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Barsalou, L. W., & Wiemer-Hastings, K. (2005). Situating abstract concepts. In D. Pecher & R. Zwaan (Eds.), Grounding cognition: The role of perception and action in memory, language, and thought (pp. 129-163). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Berridge, K. C., & Winkielman, P. (2003). What is an unconscious emotion? (The case for unconscious "liking"). Cognition and Emotion,17, 181-211.[CrossRef]
  • Blanchard R. J., & Blanchard, D. C. (2003). What can animal aggression research tell us about human aggression? Hormones and Behavior, 44, 171-177.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Bonanno, G. A., & Keltner, D. (2004). The coherence of emotion systems: Comparing "online" measures of appraisal and facial expressions, and self-report. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 431-444.[CrossRef]
  • Bouhuys, A. L., Bloem, G. M., & Groothuis, T. G. G. (1995). Induction of depressed and elated mood by music influences the perception of facial emotional expressions in healthy subjects. Journal of Affective Disorders, 33, 215-226.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Bouton, M. E. (2005). Behavior systems and the contextual control of anxiety, fear, and panic. In L. F. Barrett, P. Niedenthal, & P. Winkielman (Eds.), Emotions: Conscious and unconscious (pp. 205-230). New York: Guilford.
  • Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Measuring emotion: Behavior, feeling, and physiology. In R. D. Lane & L. Nadel (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience of emotion (pp. 242-276). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Bridges, K. M. B. (1932). Emotional development in early infancy. Child Development, 3, 324-334.[Web of Science]
  • Brown, R. (1958). How shall a thing be called? Psychological Review, 65, 14-21.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Buck, R. (1999). The biological affects: A typology. Psychological Review, 106, 301-336.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Byrne, A., & Hilbert, D. R. (2003). Color realism and color science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26, 3-64.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Cacioppo, J. T., Berntson, G. G., Larsen, J. T., Poehlmann, K. M., & Ito, T. A. (2000). The psychophysiology of emotion. In R. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), The handbook of emotion (2nd ed., pp. 173-191). New York: Guilford.
  • Cacioppo, J. T., & Gardner, W. L. (1999). Emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 191-214.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., Hall, J., & Everitt, B. J. (2002). Emotion and motivation: The role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience and Behavior Reviews, 26, 321-352.
  • Carroll, J. M., & Russell, J. A. (1996). Do facial expressions express specific emotions? Judging emotion from the face in context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 205-218.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Mayr, U., & Nesselroade, J. (2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 644-655.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Chao, L. L., & Martin A. (2000). Representation of manipulable man-made objects in the dorsal stream. Neurolmage,12,478-484.
  • Christie, I. C., & Friedman, B. H. (2004). Autonomic specificity of discrete emotion and dimensions of affective space: A multivariate approach. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 51, 143-153.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Clore, G. L., & Ortony, A. (1991). What more is there to emotion concepts than prototypes? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 48-50.[CrossRef]
  • Clore, G. L., & Ortony, A. (2000). Cognition in emotion: Always, sometimes, or never? In L. Nadel, R. Lane, & G. L. Ahern (Eds), The cognitive neuroscience of emotion (pp. 24-61). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Conner, T., Barrett, L. F., & Bliss-Moreau, E. (2004). Valence focus and the automaticity of evaluation. Manuscript in preparation.
  • Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes' error: Emotion, reason and the human brain. New York: Grosset/Putnam.
  • Damasio, A. R. (1999). The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. New York: Harcourt Brace.
  • Damasio, A. R., Grabowski, T. J., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Ponto, L. L., Parvizi, J., et al. (2000). Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 1049-1056.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Davidoff, J. (2001). Language and perceptual categories. Trends in Cognitive Science, 5, 382-387.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Davis, M., & Whalen P. J. (2001). The amygdala: Vigilance and emotion. Molecular Psychiatry, 6, 13-34.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Dennett, D. (1991). Consciousness explained. Boston: Little, Brown.
  • Dolan, R. J. (2002, November 8). Emotion, cognition and behavior. Science, 298, 1191-1194.
  • Ekman, P. (1972). Universal and cultural differences in facial expression of emotion. In J. R. Cole (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1971 (pp. 207-283). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Ekman, P. (1973). Cross-cultural studies of facial expression. In P. Ekman (Ed.), Darwin and facial expression: A century of research in review (pp. 169-222). New York: Academic.
  • Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169-200.[CrossRef]
  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. (1969). The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: Categories, origins, usage, and coding. Semiotica, 1, 49-98.
  • Ekman, P., Levenson, R. W., & Friesen, W. V. (1983, September 16). Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes among emotions. Science, 221, 1208-1210.
  • Emde, R. N., Gaensbauer, T., & Harmon, R. (1976). Emotional expression in infancy: A biobehavioral study. Psychological Issues, 10(1, Whole No. 37).
  • Fabrigar, L. R., Visser, P. S., & Browne, M. W. (1997). Conceptual and methodological issues in testing the circumplex structure of data in personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1, 184-203.
  • Fehr, B., & Russell, J. A. (1984). Concept of emotion viewed from a prototype perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 464-486.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Feldman, L. A. (1995a). Valence focus and arousal focus: Individual differences in the structure of affective experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 153-166.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Feldman, L. A. (1995b). Variations in the circumplex structure of emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 806-817.[Abstract]
  • Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Frijda, N. H., Markam, S., Sato, K., & Wiers, R. (1995). Emotion and emotion words. In J. A. Russell et al. (Eds.), Everyday conceptions of emotion (pp. 121-143). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
  • Gashghaei, H. T., & Barbas, H. (2002). Pathways for emotion: Interactions of prefrontal and anterior temporal pathways in the amygdala of the Rhesus monkey. Neuroscience, 115, 1261-1279.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Gelman, S. A., & Markman, E. M. (1987). Young children's inductions from natural kinds: The role of categories and appearances. Child Development, 8, 157-167.
  • Gentner, D., & Goldin-Medows, S. (Eds.). (2003). Language in mind. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
  • Gilbert, D. T. (1992). Assent of man: Mental representation and the control of belief. In D. M. Wegner & J. Pennebaker (Eds.), The handbook of mental control (pp. 57-87). New York: Prentice Hall.
  • Gilbert, D. T. (1998). Ordinary personology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 89-150). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Gosselin, F., & Schyns, P. G. (2003). Superstitious perceptions reveal properties of memory representations. Psychological Science, 14, 505-509.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Greenwald, A. G., & Ronis, D. L. (1981). On the conceptual disconfirmation of theories. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 131-137.[Abstract]
  • Gustafson, G. E., Wood, R. M., & Green, J. A. (2000). Can we hear the causes of infant crying? In R. G. Barr, B. Hopkins, & J. A. Green (Eds.), Crying as a sign, a symptom, & a signal (pp. 8-22). New York: Cambridge University.
  • Guttman, L. (1957). A new approach to factor analysis: The radex. In P. F. Lazarsfeld (Ed.), Mathematical thinking in the social sciences (pp. 258-348). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Halberstadt, J. B., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2001). Effects of emotion concepts on perceptual memory for emotional expressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 587-598.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Harré, R. (1986). The social construction of emotions. Oxford, England: Blackwell.
  • Hauk, O., Johnsrude, I., & Pulvermüller, F. (2004). Somatotopic representation of action words in human motor and premotor cortex. Neuron, 41, 301-307.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Hochberg, J. (Ed.). (1998). Perception and cognition at centuries end: Handbook of perception and cognition (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic.
  • Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum.
  • Izard, C. E. (1993). Four systems for emotion activation: Cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychological Review, 100, 68-90.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • James, W. (1884). What is an emotion? Mind, 9, 188-205.
  • James, W. (1950). The principles of psychology, Volume II, Chapter 25: The emotions (pp. 442-485). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1890)
  • James, W. (1994). The physical basis of emotion. Psychological Review, 1, 516-529.
  • Johnson, M. K. (1992). MEM: Mechanisms of recollection. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 268-280.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Oatley, K. J. (1989). The language of emotions: An analysis of a semantic field. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 81-123.[CrossRef]
  • Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Oatley, K. (1992). Basic emotions, rationality, and folk theory. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 201-223.
  • Kagan, J. (1979). On emotion and its development: A working paper. In M. Lewis & L. A. Rosenblum (Eds.), The development of affect (pp. 11-42). New York: Plenum.
  • Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (1999). Social functions of emotions at multiple levels of analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 505-522.[CrossRef]
  • Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (2001). Social functions of emotions. In T. Mayne & G. A. Bonanno (Eds.), Emotions: Current issues and future directions (pp. 192-213). New York: Guilford.
  • Kim, H., Somerville, L. H., Johnstone T., Alexander A., & Whalen P. J. (2003). Inverse amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to surprised faces. Neuroreport, 14, 2317-2322.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Kim, H., Somerville, L. H., Johnstone, T., Polis, S., Alexander, A. L., Shin, L. M., et al. (2004). Contextual modulation of amygdala responsivity to surprised faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 1730-1745.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Kosslyn, S. M. (1995). Freud returns? In R. L. Solso & D. W. Massarro (Eds.), The science of the mind: 2001 and beyond (pp. 90-106). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kunda, Z., & Thagard, P. (1996). Forming impressions from stereotypes, traits, and behaviors: A parallel-constraint-satisfaction theory. Psychological Review, 103, 284-308.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Laird, J. D., & Bresler, C. (1992). The process of emotional feeling: A self-perception theory. In M. Clark (Ed.), Emotion: Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 223-234). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Lambie, J. A., & Marcel, A. J. (2002). Consciousness and emotion experience: A theoretical framework. Psychological Review, 109, 219-259.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Lane, R., Quinlan, D., Schwartz, G., Walker, P., & Zeitlin, S. (1990). The levels of emotional awareness scale: A cognitive-developmental measure of emotion. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 124-134.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Lane, R., & Schwartz G. E. (1987). Levels of emotional awareness: A cognitive-developmental theory and its application to psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 133-143.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Lang, P. J. (1968). Fear reduction and fear behavior: Problems in treating a construct. In J. M. Schlien (Ed.), Research in psychotherapy (Vol. 3, pp. 90-103). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. M. (1990). Emotion, attention and the startle reflex. Psychological Review, 97, 377-395.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993). Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30, 261-273.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Larsen, R. J., & Cutler, S. E. (1996). The complexity of individual emotional lives: A within-subject analysis of affect structure. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 15, 206-230.[Web of Science]
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
  • LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Levenson, R. W., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1990). Voluntary facial action generates emotion specific autonomic nervous system activity. Psychophysiology, 27, 363-384.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Leventhal, H., & Scherer, K. (1987). The relationship of emotion to cognition: A functional approach to a semantic controversy. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 3-28.[CrossRef]
  • Lieberman, M. D., Gaunt, R., Gilbert, D. T., & Trope, Y. (2002). Reflection and reflexion: A social cognitive neuroscience approach to attributional inference. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 199-249.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Loftus, E. F. (1992). When a lie becomes memory's truth. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1, 121-123.[CrossRef]
  • Logan, G. D. (1992). Attention and preattention in theories of automaticity. American Journal of Psychology, 105, 317-339.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Lundqvist, D., & Öhman, A. (in press). Caught by the evil eye: Nonconscious information processing, emotion, and attention to facial stimuli. In L. F. Barrett, P. Niedenthal, & P. Winkielman (Eds.), Emotions: Conscious and unconscious (pp. 97-122). New York: Guilford.
  • Macrae, C. N., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2000). Social cognition: Thinking categorically about others. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 93-120.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Mandler, G. (1975). Mind and emotion. New York: Wiley.
  • Mandler, G. (2002). Consciousness recovered: Psychological functions and origins of conscious thought. Philadelphia: Benjamins.
  • Mandler, G., Mandler, J. M., Kremen, I., & Sholiton, R. (1961). The response to threat: Relations among verbal and physiological indices. Psychological Monographs, 75(Whole No. 513).
  • Mauss, I. B., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2004). Is there less to social anxiety than meets the eye? Emotion experience, expression, and bodily responding. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 631-662.[CrossRef]
  • Mesquita, B. (2003). Emotions as dynamic cultural phenomena. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 871-890). London: Oxford University Press.
  • Messinger, D. S. (2002). Positive and negative: Infant facial expressions and emotions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 1-6.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Mischel, W. (1984). Convergences and challenges in the search for consistency. American Psychologist, 39, 351-364.[CrossRef]
  • Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102, 246-268.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Murphy, F. C., Nimmo-Smith, I., & Lawrence, A. D. (2003). Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 3, 207-233.[CrossRef]
  • Newtson, D. (1973). Attribution and the unit of perception of ongoing behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 28-38.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Newtson, D., & Engquist, G. (1976). The perceptual organization of ongoing behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 436-450.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Niedenthal, P. M., Barsalou, L. W., Winkielman, P., Krauth-Gruber, S., & Ric, F. (2005). Embodiment in attitudes, social perception, and emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review., 9,184-211.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Ochsner, K. N., & Barrett, L. (2001). A multiprocess perspective on the neuroscience of emotion. In T. J. Mayne & G. Bonnano (Eds.), Emotion: Current issues and future directions (pp. 38-81). New York: Guilford.
  • Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. New York: Cambridge University.
  • Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Foss, M. A. (1987). The referential structure of the affective lexicon. Cognitive Science, 11, 341-364.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Ortony, A., & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review, 97, 315-331.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Osgood, C. E. (1969). On the whys and wherefores of E, P, and A. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 194-199.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Owren, M. J., & Bachorwoski, J.-A. (2003). Reconsidering the evolution of nonlinguistic communication: The case of laughter. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 27, 108-200.
  • Owren, M. J., & Rendell, D. (2001). Sound on the rebound: Bringing form and function back to the forefront in understanding nonhuman primate vocal signaling. Evolutionary Anthropology, 10, 58-71.[CrossRef]
  • Özgen, E. (2004). Language, learning, and color perception. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 95-98.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Özgen, E., & Davies, I. R. L. (1998). Turkish color terms: Tests of Berlin and Kay's theory of color universals and linguistic relativity. Linguistics, 36, 919-956.[Web of Science]
  • Özgen, E., & Davies, I. R. L. (2002). Acquisition of categorical color perception: A perceptual learning approach to the linguistic relativity hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131, 477-493.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Pecher, D., Zeelenberg, R., & Barsalou, L.W. (2004). Sensorimotor simulations underlie conceptual representations: Modality-specific effects of prior activation. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 11, 164-167.
  • Phan, K. L., Wager, T. D., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2002). Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neuroimage, 16, 331-348.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion (pp. 3-33). New York: Academic.
  • Power, M., & Dalgleish, T. (1997). Cognition and emotion: From order to disorder Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (1999). Emotional learning and mechanisms of intentional psychological change. In J. Brandtstadter & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Action and development: Origins and functions of intentional self-development (pp. 435-464). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Quigley, K. S., Barrett, L. F., & Weinstein, S. (2002). Cardiovascular patterns associated with threat and challenge appraisals: Individual responses across time. Psychophysiology, 39, 1-11.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Reed, S. J., Vanman, E. J., & Miller, L. C. (1997). Connectionism, parallel constraint satisfaction processes, and Gestalt principles: (Re)Introducing cognitive dynamics to social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 26-53.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Roberson, D., Davies, I., & Davidoff, J. (2000). Color categories are not universal: Replications and new evidence from a stone-age culture. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 369-398.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships, as developed from the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of science (Vol. 3, pp. 184-256). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Rolls, E. T. (1999). The brain and emotion. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Roseman, I. J. (1984). Cognitive determinants of emotion: A structural theory. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 11-36.
  • Roseman, I. J. (1991). Appraisal determinants of discrete emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 161-200.[CrossRef]
  • Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Russell, J. A. (1991). Culture and the categorization of emotion. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 426-450.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Russell, J. A. (1994). Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of the cross-cultural studies. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 102-141.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110, 145-172.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Russell, J. A., Bachorowski, J.-A., & Fernandez-Dols, J.-M. (2003). Facial and vocal expressions of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 329-349.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Russell, J. A., & Barrett, L. F. (1999). Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 805-819.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Russell, J. A., Weiss, A., & Mendelsohn, G. A. (1989). Affect grid: A single-item scale of pleasure and arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 493-502.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Schachter, S., & Singer, J. E. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69, 379-399.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Schacter, D. L. (1996). Searching for memory: The brain, the mind, and the past. New York: Basic Books.
  • Scherer, K. R. (1984). On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 293-317). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Schneirla, T. (1959). An evolutionary and developmental theory of biphasic processes underlying approach and withdrawal. In M. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 27-58). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Schooler, J. W. (2002). Re-representing consciousness: Dissociations between experience and meta-consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Science, 6, 339-344.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Schwartz, C. E., Wright, C. I., Shin, L. M., Kagan, J., Whalen, P. J., McMullin, K. G., et al. (2003). Differential amygdalar response to novel versus newly familiar neutral faces: A functional MRI probe developed for studying inhibited temperament. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 854-862.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Schyns, P. G., Goldstone, R. L., & Thibaut, J. P. (1998). The development of features in object concepts. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21, 1-54.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Seyfarth, R. M., & Cheney, D. L. (2003). Signalers and receivers in animal communication. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 145-173.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Shweder, A. (1994). "You're not sick, you're just in love": Emotion as an interpretive system. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson, (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 32-44). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Simmons, W. K., & Barsalou, L. W. (2003). The similarity-in-topography principle: Reconciling theories of conceptual deficits. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20, 451-486.[CrossRef]
  • Simmons, W. K., Martin, A., & Barsalou, L. W. (2000). Pictures of appetizing foods activate gustatory cortices for taste and reward. Cerebral Cortex, 15, 1602-1608.
  • Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813-838.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Smith, C. A., & Kirby, L. D. (2001). Toward delivering on the promise of appraisal theory. In K. R. Scherer & A. Schorr (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. (pp. 121-138). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Smith, E. R., & DeCoster, J. (2000). Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 108-131.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Smith, E. R., & Semin, G. R. (2004). Socially situated cognition: Cognition in its social context. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 53-117.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Solomon, R. C. (2003). Not passion's slave: Emotions and choice. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Spelke, E. S. (2000). Core knowledge. American Psychologist, 55, 1233-1243.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Spitz, R. A. (1965). The first year of life. New York: International Universities Press.
  • Sroufe, L. A. (1979). Socioemotional development. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (pp. 462-516). New York: Wiley.
  • Steels, L., & Belpaeme, T. (2005). Coordinating perceptually grounded categories through language: A case study for colour. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28(4), 469-529.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Stone, A. A., & Turkkan, J. S. (Eds.). (2000). The science of self-report: Implications for research and practice. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Storbeck, J., & Robinson, M. D. (2004). Preferences and inferences in encoding visual objects: A systematic comparison of semantic and affective priming. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 81-93.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Tassinary, L. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1992). Unobservable facial actions and emotion. Psychological Science, 3, 28-33.
  • Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2000). An overview of the alexithymia construct. In R. Bar-On & J. D. A. Parker (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 41-67). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Teasdale, J. D., & Barnard, P. J. (1993). Affect, cognition and change: Re-modelling depressive thought. Hove, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Thurstone, L. L. (1935). Vectors of mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Tomaka, J., Blascovich, J., Kelsey, R. M., & Leitten, C. L. (1993). Subjective, physiological, and behavioral effects of threat and challenge appraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 248-260.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Tomaka, J., Blascovich, J., Kibler, J., & Ernst, J. M. (1997). Cognitive and physiological antecedents of threat and challenge appraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 63-72.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness: Vol. 1. The positive affects. New York: Springer.
  • Trope, J., & Cohen, O. (1989). Perceptual and inferential determinants of behavior-correspondent attributions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 142-158.[CrossRef]
  • Trope, Y. (1986). Identification and inferential processes in dispositional attribution. Psychological Review, 93, 239-257.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Vallacher, R. R., & Wegner, D. M. (1987). What do people think they're doing? Action identification and human behavior. Psychological Review, 94, 3-15.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Whalen, P. J. (1998). Fear, vigilance and ambiguity: Initial neuroimaging studies of the human amygdala. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7, 177-188.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 411-418.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Whalen, P. J., Shin, L. M., McInerney, S. C., Fischer, H., Wright, C.I., & Rauch, S. L. (2001). A functional MRI study of human amygdala responses to facial expressions of fear vs. anger. Emotion, 1, 70-83.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Whorf, B. L. (1956). Language, thought and reality. Cambridge, MA: Technology Press of MIT.
  • Wierzbicka, A. (1992). Talking about emotions: Semantics, culture, and cognition. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 283-319.
  • Wierzbicka, A. (1999). Emotions across languages and cultures. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wilson, F. A., & Rolls, E. T. (1993). The effects of stimulus novelty and familiarity on neuronal activity in the amygdala of monkeys performing recognition memory tasks. Experimental Brain Research, 9, 367-382.
  • Wright, C. I., Martis, B., Schwartz, C. E., Shin, L. M., Fischer, H. H., McMullin, K., et al. (2003). Novelty responses and differential effects of order in the amygdala, substantia innominata, and inferior temporal cortex. Neuroimage, 18, 660-669.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Yik, M. S. M., Russell, J. A., & Barrett, L. F. (1999). Integrating four structures of current mood into a circumplex: Integration and beyond. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 600-619.[CrossRef][Web of Science]

Personality and Social Psychology Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, 20-46 (2006)
DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1001_2
Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Emotion ReviewHome page
M. Gendron and L. Feldman Barrett
Reconstructing the Past: A Century of Ideas About Emotion in Psychology
Emotion Review, October 1, 2009; 1(4): 316 - 339.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Emotion ReviewHome page
T. Dalgleish, B. D. Dunn, and D. Mobbs
Affective Neuroscience: Past, Present, and Future
Emotion Review, October 1, 2009; 1(4): 355 - 368.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Social Science InformationHome page
A. Ogarkova, P. Borgeaud, and K. Scherer
Language and culture in emotion research: a multidisciplinary perspective
Social Science Information, September 1, 2009; 48(3): 339 - 357.
[PDF]

Home page
 Social Science InformationHome page
A. Ogarkova and P. Borgeaud
(Un)common denominators in research on emotion language: a postscript
Social Science Information, September 1, 2009; 48(3): 523 - 543.
[PDF]

Home page
 Emotion ReviewHome page
R. Reisenzein and S. A. Doring
Ten Perspectives on Emotional Experience: Introduction to the Special Issue
Emotion Review, July 1, 2009; 1(3): 195 - 205.
[PDF]

Home page
 Emotion ReviewHome page
R. Reisenzein
Emotional Experience in the Computational Belief-Desire Theory of Emotion
Emotion Review, July 1, 2009; 1(3): 214 - 222.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Emotion ReviewHome page
C. Castelfranchi and M. Miceli
The Cognitive-Motivational Compound of Emotional Experience
Emotion Review, July 1, 2009; 1(3): 223 - 231.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Global Business ReviewHome page
N. N. Akhouri and R. R. Sharma
HR Determinants of Organizational Success amongst Small and Medium Enterprises in the Indian Automobile Sector
Global Business Review, July 1, 2009; 10(2): 173 - 186.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Phil Trans R Soc BHome page
L.F. Barrett and M. Bar
See it with feeling: affective predictions during object perception
Phil Trans R Soc B, May 12, 2009; 364(1521): 1325 - 1334.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol RevHome page
M. Fiori
A New Look at Emotional Intelligence: A Dual-Process Framework
Personality and Social Psychology Review, February 1, 2009; 13(1): 21 - 44.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Emotion ReviewHome page
A. Wierzbicka
Language and Metalanguage: Key Issues in Emotion Research
Emotion Review, January 1, 2009; 1(1): 3 - 14.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Emotion ReviewHome page
K. A. Lindquist
Language is Powerful
Emotion Review, January 1, 2009; 1(1): 16 - 18.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Schizophr BullHome page
A. M. Kring and E. K. Moran
Emotional Response Deficits in Schizophrenia: Insights From Affective Science
Schizophr Bull, September 1, 2008; 34(5): 819 - 834.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
R. J. Rydell, D. M. Mackie, A. T. Maitner, H. M. Claypool, M. J. Ryan, and E. R. Smith
Arousal, Processing, and Risk Taking: Consequences of Intergroup Anger
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, August 1, 2008; 34(8): 1141 - 1152.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Social Science InformationHome page
B. Mesquita
Emotions are culturally situated
Social Science Information, September 1, 2007; 46(3): 410 - 415.
[PDF]

Home page
 Soc Cogn Affect NeurosciHome page
L. F. Barrett, E. Bliss-Moreau, S. L. Duncan, S. L. Rauch, and C. I. Wright
The amygdala and the experience of affect
Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, June 1, 2007; 2(2): 73 - 83.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Soc Cogn Affect NeurosciHome page
L. T. Harris and S. T. Fiske
Social groups that elicit disgust are differentially processed in mPFC
Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, March 1, 2007; 2(1): 45 - 51.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Barrett, L. F.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Barrett, L. F.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?