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Personality and Social Psychology Review
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A Theoretical Model of Triggered Displaced Aggression

Norman Miller

Department of Psychology, University of Southern California

William C. Pedersen

Department of Psychology California State University, Long Beach

Mitchell Earleywine

Department of Psychology, University of Southern California

Vicki E. Pollock

EEG Institute at the Brian Othmer Foundation

A tit-for-tat matching rule (Axelrod, 1984) describes much interpersonal behavior. Yet, in daily lift a retaliatory aggressive response to a trivially mild provocation often inappropriately exceeds that expected from the matching rule. The concept of triggered displaced aggression can explain these exceptions to the matching principle. Building from the Cognitive Neoassociationistic model of aggressive behavior (Berkowitz, 1989, 1990, 1993), we developed a theoretical framework of social and personality factors that moderate and mediate the disjunctively escalated retaliation that can result from triggered displaced aggression. Major explanatory factors in our analysis of such effcts are as follows: (a) aspects of the Time 1 provocation and the immediate situation in which it occurred; (b) characteristics of initial provocations and personality factors of the actor that produce the ruminative thought that will temporally extend the effects of a Time 1 provocation, allowing them to interact with a delayed Time 2 minor triggering event; and (c) actions and attributes of the target of displaced aggression that augment these effects.

Personality and Social Psychology Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, 75-97 (2003)
DOI: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0701_5
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B. Lickel, N. Miller, D. M. Stenstrom, T. F. Denson, and T. Schmader
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[Abstract] [PDF]