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Personality and Social Psychology Review
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Rejection Elicits Emotional Reactions but Neither Causes Immediate Distress nor Lowers Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analytic Review of 192 Studies on Social Exclusion

Ginette C. Blackhart

East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, gblackhart{at}scientia.cc

Brian C. Nelson

East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN

Megan L. Knowles

Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA

Roy F. Baumeister

Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL

Competing predictions about the effect of social exclusion were tested by meta-analyzing findings from studies of interpersonal rejection, ostracism, and similar procedures. Rejection appears to cause a significant shift toward a more negative emotional state. Typically, however, the result was an emotionally neutral state marked by low levels of both positive and negative affect. Acceptance caused a slight increase in positive mood and a moderate increase in self-esteem. Self-esteem among rejected persons was no different from neutral controls. These findings are discussed in terms of belongingness motivation, sociometer theory, affective numbing, and self-esteem defenses.

Key Words: meta-analysis • social rejection • ostracism • self-esteem • affect

This version was published on November 1, 2009

Personality and Social Psychology Review, Vol. 13, No. 4, 269-309 (2009)
DOI: 10.1177/1088868309346065
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