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Personality and Social Psychology Review, Vol. 10, No. 4, 372-390 (2006)
DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_6

Vicarious Retribution: The Role of Collective Blame in Intergroup Aggression

Brian Lickel

Norman Miller

Douglas M. Stenstrom

Thomas F. Denson

Department of Psychology, University of Southern California

Toni Schmader

Department of Psychology, University of Arizona

We provide a new framework for understanding 1 aspect of aggressive conflict between groups, which we refer to as vicarious retribution. Vicarious retribution occurs when a member of a group commits an act of aggression toward the members of an outgroup for an assault or provocation that had no personal consequences for him or her but which did harm afellow ingroup member. Furthermore, retribution is often directed at outgroup members who, themselves, were not the direct causal agents in the original attack against the person's ingroup. Thus, retribution is vicarious in that neither the agent of retaliation nor the target of retribution were directly involved in the original event that precipitated the intergroup conflict. We describe how ingroup identification, outgroup entitativity, and other variables, such as group power, influence vicarious retribution. We conclude by considering a variety of conflict reduction strategies in light of this new theoretical framework.


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Home page
 Pers Soc Psychol BullHome page
A. Iyer, T. Schmader, and B. Lickel
Why Individuals Protest the Perceived Transgressions of Their Country: The Role of Anger, Shame, and Guilt
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, April 1, 2007; 33(4): 572 - 587.
[Abstract] [PDF]